Shopping and Product Reviews: Purchasing Fashionable Korean ...

Do you want to look different in every occasion? There is no need to make total upgrading to your face and body. You may just need a little effort by wearing special clothing items to always look fashionable and attractive. It is not only what the women have on their mind. As a modern man, you should pay attention on the clothes you are going to wear. Do not close turn your sight away from fashion world. There are many good things offered there. Take time to explore it and find the right wear for yourself.


Clothingloves.com is the place for fashionable clothing lovers. It is where you can shop for Mens Fashion. Do you know that Korean fashion has been on demand currently? Korean pop songs, boy-bands, girl-bands, dramas and clothing styles are today?s girls? topics. If you want to get their attention, giving the touch of one of these things to your appearance may work well. Take for example the clothing items that are inspired by what mostly Korean boy-bands wear on the stage. Do not know where to shop them? There is no need to go anywhere. Wholesale korean clothing for men is available at Clothing Loves. You can take some from the latest products to stay up-to-date with the fresh style. The prices are ranged from around $10 to $30. There is more than one thousands of item available to choose from.
Besides for men, this online shop also offers the Wholesale Womens Clothing too. After signing up, there is special coupon available to be claimed for obtaining up to 15% discount. With this feature, you will be able to save some on your purchasing. It is even possible to get up to $200 clothing items for free. Of course, there are terms and conditions you need to pay attention to. That is why you should visit Clothing Loves site to learn more about this great offer. The selection is also complete. For women, there are dresses, outwear, shirts, leggings, pants, shots and vests. All of them are offered with wholesale prices. Do not wait much longer. It does not always need big investment to look fashionable in all occasions. You just need to know which products to buy and where to get them. This online shop is the best source for high quality clothing items including the Korean style clothing with wholesale prices. With the various discounts offered, it seems that you can save big after sign yourself up.

Source: http://b1b2kombonganandes.blogspot.com/2012/08/purchasing-fashionable-korean-style.html

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Isis mobile payment system primed for September launch, supported devices revealed

Isis mobile payment system primed for September launch in Austin and Salt Lake City

You've known it was coming, but Isis has been so quiet on the mobile payments front in the past few months that you might've forgotten the score. Now, the joint venture backed by AT&T, T-Mobile and Verizon has announced that it'll debut its system in Austin and Salt Lake City next month. At least part of the delay is attributed to its shift in strategy, when Isis shelved its plans to process payments through the carriers themselves and instead work with MasterCard and Visa. Isis representatives have declined to elaborate on future expansion plans.

Coinciding with the recent update that enabled Isis support for T-Mobile's Galaxy S II, MasterCard has come clean with a list of devices that'll receive similar treatment. Specifically, those in the US can expect the Droid Incredible 4G LTE, One X, Amaze 4G, Galaxy S III to gain Isis support. Naturally, the possibility remains open for other devices as well, and if you'd like to see the complete list of candidates, make sure to check out the PDF below.

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Isis mobile payment system primed for September launch, supported devices revealed originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 28 Aug 2012 20:47:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2012/08/28/isis-mobile-payment-system-primed-for-september-launch-supporte/

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$21M awarded in torture suit against ex-Somali PM

FILE - This June 23, 2011 photo shows Aziz Deria in Washington. A U.S. judge has awarded $21 million to seven people who had sued a former prime minister of Somalia now living in Virginia, claiming he had tortured and killed his own people. The judgment against Mohamed Ali Samantar of Fairfax comes at the end of an eight-year legal battle that went to the U.S. Supreme Court. (AP Photo/Luis M. Alvarez, File)

FILE - This June 23, 2011 photo shows Aziz Deria in Washington. A U.S. judge has awarded $21 million to seven people who had sued a former prime minister of Somalia now living in Virginia, claiming he had tortured and killed his own people. The judgment against Mohamed Ali Samantar of Fairfax comes at the end of an eight-year legal battle that went to the U.S. Supreme Court. (AP Photo/Luis M. Alvarez, File)

(AP) ? A U.S. judge on Tuesday awarded $21 million to seven people who sued a former prime minister of Somalia now living in Virginia, claiming he tortured and killed his own people more than two decades ago.

The judgment against Mohamed Ali Samantar, 76, of Fairfax comes at the end of an eight-year legal battle that went to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Seven Somali natives filed the lawsuit in 2004 in federal court in Alexandria against Samantar, who served as vice president, defense minister and prime minister throughout the 1980s under dictator Siad Barre, until the months before the regime collapsed in 1991.

The suit claimed Samantar personally ordered the killings and torture of members of the minority Isaaq clan.

Samantar denied the accusations and claimed immunity from the lawsuit. On the day the trial was to begin, he entered a default judgment. While he accepted legal liability for the killings, he denied wrongdoing.

One of the plaintiffs, Aziz Deria of Bellevue, Wash., said Tuesday that the ruling vindicates efforts to hold Samantar accountable.

"The case was never about money," said Deria, who has little expectation of recovering his $3 million share of the judgment against Samantar, who is bankrupt. "This case was about having an opportunity to be in court with Samantar and prove he was in charge of what was happening."

Samantar's lawyer, Joseph Peter Drennan, said he will appeal the ruling. In fact, the case is already on appeal. The 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals is considering whether Samantar was properly denied immunity.

The case, first filed in 2004, has had a tortuous path through the courts. At first, U.S. District Judge Leonie Brinkema dismissed the case, ruling that Samantar enjoyed legal immunity as a former foreign official. But the U.S. Supreme Court rejected that argument. Eventually, the State Department argued in a legal filing that Samantar could not claim immunity because Somalia had no central government that could claim immunity on his behalf.

Brinkema then allowed the case to go to trial. Samantar's lawyer objected, saying the judge was granting excessive deference to the State Department ? Brinkema had said she would have dismissed the case if the agency determined it could harm international relations.

After Samantar defaulted at the outset of the trial in February, the trial proceeded without him.

During the shortened trial, the plaintiffs presented evidence including a 1989 BBC interview in which Samantar acknowledged a leadership role in the bombing of Hargeisa, a city in the northern part of the country. Hargeisa was home to a large Isaaq population and a stronghold of a regional movement to break off from Somalia.

The evidence also included testimony from an army colonel who said he overheard a series of radio communications in which Barre was urging moderation in a bombing campaign, while Samantar advocated a harsher attack.

Several plaintiffs ? some who live in the U.S. like Deria and others who still live in Somalia ? told chilling stories of narrowly escaping summary execution, suffering beatings and spending years in solitary confinement in jail. Deria sued on behalf of his brother and father, who were killed.

The San Francisco-based Center for Justice and Accountability, which represented the plaintiffs, said Brinkema's ruling is the first anywhere in the world to hold a leader in the Barre regime responsible for the crimes it perpetrated.

"This is a remarkable result for our clients, who faced down one of the most powerful men in their country's history and forced him to concede liability for his crimes," said Steven Schulman, one of the plaintiffs' lawyers.

But Drennan said Samantar continues to deny wrongdoing, and believes that efforts to hash out these claims in a U.S. court are counterproductive to the efforts to promote reconciliation and a cohesive national government in Somalia.

The lawsuit "needs to be seen for what it is ? politics and clan warfare in the courtroom," Drennan said.

Deria, on the other hand, said holding Samantar formally accountable for atrocities in Somalia's civil war is the best way for Somalia to move forward. He said that clan retribution can be set aside when people can be assured of justice through the legal system and that he hopes the case can highlight to the Somali people that justice is attainable.

"This is the civilized way of dealing with criminals," he said.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2012-08-28-Somalia-Torture%20Claim/id-d5cb53dbbab84fdbb53744686590d600

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BedandBreakfast Tv ? Rewards of Owning Customer Service Skills

Delaware

There are numerous benefits you get as soon as you decide to make use of outstanding customer service a strategy for your own business. The proclaiming that is considered again and again by simply marketing professionals, ?The customer will be the life-blood of virtually any business? can be so genuine for they ought to be the goal why your own business exists. Whenever you offer exceptional customer service, you task a company picture of a business in which prioritizes the welfare of customers. In fact, companies requires to have on-going customer care training for every person in your business to ensure that are all capable along with qualified in terms of supplying outstanding customer service.

Underneath are a few of the rewards an individual can harvest in case you make excellent customer service a marketing strategy:

1. Do it again clients and also customer preservation

If your business features workers having one of these exceptional expertise, they will end up being the key for your current business to win clients to obtain once more from you and eventually become your loyal clients. Buyers constantly like to patronize products along with services when they experience they are important and also treated with value.

A situation exactly where a whole lot of new industry is coming in yet nearly the exact same range is additionally departing is actually a bad indicator. That can are expensive to continually pursue intense marketing as well as marketing. You?ve to learn customer service to win along with preserve clients.

2. Improved net profit

While the business is able to put into action a business broad excellent customer service strategy, a whole lot of men and women will occur to an individual as a result of phrase of mouth advertising. It has proven even before marketing offers innovative much. Keep in mind that it?s not only frontline people that should convey this particular expertise but all others in the company as they are part of service shipping having minor and major roles from purchasing of raw materials to product development as well as in the end to service shipping and delivery. More consumers indicate more sales and eventually elevated business income.

3. Customer relationship is created

Should your employees have outstanding customer service skills, they have got the capacity to associate to clientele better. That they will have the ability to satisfy a require or even a would like better as well as may actually meet another need in the method whenever your staff is able to combination sell another products as well as services you might have.

For more info, pay a visit to ebay cashback and customer service skills

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Tags: fun, improving, learning, life, world

Source: http://www.bedandbreakfasttv.com/rewards-of-owning-customer-service-skills/

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Prehistoric tiny bugs found trapped in amber

This undated handout photo provided by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and the University of G?ttingen shows photomicrographs of the two new species of ancient gall mites in 230-million-year-old amber droplets from northeastern Italy. The gall mites were named: Triasacarus fedelei, left, and Ampezzoa triassica. (AP Photo/A. Schmidt, University of G?ttingen, Proceedings of the National Academy)

This undated handout photo provided by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and the University of G?ttingen shows photomicrographs of the two new species of ancient gall mites in 230-million-year-old amber droplets from northeastern Italy. The gall mites were named: Triasacarus fedelei, left, and Ampezzoa triassica. (AP Photo/A. Schmidt, University of G?ttingen, Proceedings of the National Academy)

(AP) ? Scientists have found three well preserved ancient insects frozen in amber ? and time ? in what is Earth's oldest bug trap.

The discoveries of amber-encased insects in Italy may sound like something out of "Jurassic Park" but these bugs are even older than that. They are about 230 million years old, which puts them in the Triassic time period, and about 100 million years older than what had been the previously known oldest critters trapped in fossilized tree resin, or amber.

Gooey tree resin is like sap but without water and can't be diluted.

Researchers painstakingly examined 70,000 droplets of amber found in northeastern Italy. Stuck in them were two microscopic mites and much of one fly. The mites are too small to be seen with the naked eye and the fly is a tad tinier than a fruit fly, researchers say.

The discovery was reported Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

While older insects have been found in rock fossils, these are different because they are not compressed and better preserved, said study lead author David Grimaldi, curator of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. And you can see more detail, he said.

"''That's the great thing about amber. You can make this incredible detailed comparison with living species." Grimaldi said.

And when Grimaldi compared the ancient mites to their modern day descendants, he was surprised about how similar they are. Except for difference in the mouth and fewer legs, "they're dead ringers for (modern) gall mites," he said. The modern ones can be found in bubbles or galls on plant leaves.

And that's surprising because the world itself has changed a lot from when these bugs were alive. Back then, there was only one giant continent, some early primitive dinosaurs and no flower plants. Mites now live on flowering plants, but their ancient relatives must have stayed on trees, Grimaldi said.

Derek Briggs, director of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History and who wasn't part of the research, called the bugs' discovery tantalizing, adding that it could help researchers further understand how life evolved on land.

___

Online:

Journal: http://www.pnas.org

___

Seth Borenstein can be followed at http://twitter.com/borenbears

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/b2f0ca3a594644ee9e50a8ec4ce2d6de/Article_2012-08-27-Ancient%20Trapped%20Bugs/id-20c6db27cc81469f9fa0cd97a03bf650

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Enrolling Your Child in Speech Therapy | ArticloPedia

All of their young life so far your children may have been teased because of the way they talk, so it is a good idea to do something about that and get your child some help. If they need help speaking, speech therapy is the way to go.

There are people that have been doing this for many years so you do not need to worry because your child is in good hands. What you would have to do is meet with a therapist and schedule an appointment but you are going to have to look one up first unless you know anyone, and it is also important to get to know the therapist so you can trust them.

The Internet would have some good companies you can check out but you have to make sure that you make what you are searching for very clear. As well as the Internet you can also try different elementary schools. Some of them have therapists, but they might have to take your child out of class if you enroll them at their own school.

If you decide to search on the Internet because you are thinking that they would be able to work with your child more than anyone else would, then it would be a great idea to write a list of all of the companies that interest you.

As your writing down each company you find interesting, it would be a good idea to read their company information and see how long they have been in business before you decide to trust your child with them. It would also be a great idea to give each one of them a call. Do not forget to take down their phone numbers as well as their addresses.

Before you make up your mind on which therapist you want it would be a good idea to have a list of questions to ask. You want to make sure that you will not be wasting your money on a therapist who will not work with the schedule you have your child on. The therapist that you will be able to trust your child with would be based off your questions you have for him or her.

After calling each therapist and have chosen the one that you like, now would be the time to begin the introductions and have them meet you and your child, so they can get to know them and find out more about their needs. This would be the time to decide on what day of the week would be best for your child to get some help.

Enrolling your child in speech therapy may be the best decision you could ever make for them. It does not matter if they have a lisp or if they have trouble speaking a certain letter when they speak sentences, what matters is their therapist will be putting them on the right track by having them speak exercises. The more they start practicing and the more they socialize the better off their speaking language will be.

Dedicated to speech therapy for students, provides clear voice and high-resolution videos to help students learn to their potential. See how you can change your child?s life with telespeech program. Visit us for speech therapy jobs that makes a difference.

Dedicated to speech therapy for students, provides clear voice and high-resolution videos to help students learn to their potential. See how you can change your child's life with telespeech program. Visit us for speech therapy jobs that makes a difference.

Source: http://www.articlopedia.org/enrolling-your-child-in-speech-therapy/

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Laser beam as a '3-D painter' to grow biological tissue or to create micro sensors

ScienceDaily (Aug. 27, 2012) ? With laser beams, molecules can be fixed at exactly the right position in a three dimensional material. The new method developed at the Vienna University of Technology can be used to grow biological tissue or to create micro sensors.

There are many ways to create three dimensional objects on a micrometer scale. But how can the chemical properties of a material be tuned at micrometer precision? Scientists at the Vienna University of Technology developed a method to attach molecules at exactly the right place. When biological tissue is grown, this method can allow the positioning of chemical signals, telling living cells where to attach. The new technique also holds promise for sensor technology: A tiny three dimensional "lab on a chip" could be created, in which accurately positioned molecules react with substances from the environment.

Materials Science and Chemistry

"3-D-photografting" is the name of the new method. Two research teams from the Vienna University of Technology collaborated closely to develop it: Professor J?rgen Stampfl's materials science team and Professor Robert Liska's research group for macromolecular chemistry.

Both research groups have already attracted considerable attention in the past, developing new kinds of 3-D-printers. However, for the applications on which the scientists are working on now, 3-D-printing would not have been useful: "Putting together a material from tiny building blocks with different chemical properties would be extremely complicated," says Aleksandr Ovsianikov. "That is why we start from a three dimensional scaffold and then attach the desired molecules at exactly the right positions."

Molecules in the Hydrogel -- Locked into Position by the Laser

The scientists start with a so-called hydrogel -- a material made of macromolecules, arranged in a loose meshwork. Between those molecules, large pores remain, through which other molecules or even cells can migrate. Specially selected molecules are introduced into the hydrogel meshwork, then certain points are irradiated with a laser beam. At the positions where the focused laser beam is most intense, a photochemically labile bond is broken. That way, highly reactive intermediates are created which locally attach to the hydrogel very quickly. The precision depends on the laser's lens system, at the Vienna University of Technology a resolution of 4 ?m could be obtained. "Much like an artist, placing colors at certain points of the canvas, we can place molecules in the hydrogel -- but in three dimensions and with high precision," says Aleksandr Ovsianikov.

Chemical Signals for Cells

This method can be used to artificially grow biological tissue. Like a climbing plant clinging to a rack, cells need some scaffold at which they attach. In a natural tissue, the extracellular matrix does the trick by using specific amino acid sequences to signal the cells, where they are supposed to grow. In the lab, scientists are trying to use similar chemical signals. In various experiments, cell attachment could be guided on two dimensional surfaces, but in order to grow larger tissues with a specific inner structure (such as capillaries), a truly three dimensional technique is required.

Micro Sensors Detect Molecules

Depending on the application, different molecules can be used. 3-D photografting is not only useful for bio-engineering but also for other fields, such as photovoltaics or sensor technology. In a very small space, molecules can be positioned which attach to specific chemical substances and allow their detection. A microscopic three-dimensional "lab on a chip" becomes possible.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Vienna University of Technology, TU Vienna.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Aleksandr Ovsianikov, Zhiquan Li, Jan Torgersen, J?rgen Stampfl, Robert Liska. 3D Photografting: Selective Functionalization of 3D Matrices Via Multiphoton Grafting and Subsequent Click Chemistry (Adv. Funct. Mater. 16/2012). Advanced Functional Materials, 2012; 22 (16): 3527 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201290098

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/matter_energy/biochemistry/~3/6B4AFgNjaVg/120827074144.htm

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New wave of technologies possible after ground-breaking analysis tool for nanometer devices developed

ScienceDaily (Aug. 26, 2012) ? The nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus -- developed by the University's Department of Physics and Astronomy -- will allow for further developments and new applications for nanotechnology which is increasingly used in harvesting solar energy, computing, communication developments and also in the medical field.

Scientists can now analyse nanostructures at an unprecedented level of detail without destroying the materials in the process, a limitation researchers across the world faced before the Sheffield experts' breakthrough.

Dr Alexander Tartakovskii, who led a team of researchers, said: "We have developed a new important tool for microscopy analysis of nanostructures. In the very tiny quantities of matter used in nanostructures the behaviour of electrons and photons is governed by new quantum effects, quite different from what happens in bulk materials. This makes them attractive for various new technologies.

"Development requires careful structural analysis, in order to understand how the nanostructures are formed, and how we can build them to enhance and control their useful properties. Existing structural analysis methods, key for the research and development of new materials, are invasive: a nanostructure would be irreversibly destroyed in the process of the experiment, and, as a result, the important link between the structural and electronic or photonic properties would usually be lost. This limitation is now overcome by our new techniques, which rely on inherently non-invasive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probing."

The results open a new way of nano-engineering, a full characterisation of a new material and new semiconductor nano-device without destroying them meaning more research and development and device fabrication processes.

Dr Tarakovskii added: "We have developed new techniques which allowed unprecedented sensitivity and enhancement of the NMR signal in nanostructures. Particular nanostructures of interest in our research are semiconductor quantum dots, which are researched widely for their promising photonic applications, and potential for the use in a new type of computer hardware employing quantum logic.

"The result of our experiments was quite unexpected and changed our understanding of the architecture of these nanomaterials: we learned new information about the chemical composition of quantum dots, and also how atom alignment inside the dots deviates from that of a perfect crystal. Importantly, many more measurements of optical and magnetic properties can be done on the same quantum dots which have undergone the NMR probing."

The development of the new techniques and all experimental work was carried out by Dr Evgeny Chekhovich in the group of Dr Alexander Tartakovskii at the Department of Physics and Astronomy in Sheffield. Quantum dot samples used in this work have also been fabricated in Sheffield, in the EPSRC National Facility for III-V Semiconductor Technology.

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Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/strange_science/~3/75Y6C11HIuk/120826143526.htm

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To cap or not to cap: Scientists find new RNA phenomenon that challenges dogma

ScienceDaily (Aug. 27, 2012) ? Some RNA molecules spend time in a restful state akin to hibernation rather than automatically carrying out their established job of delivering protein-building instructions in cells, new research suggests.

And instead of being a fluke or a mistake, the research suggests that this restful period appears to be a programmed step for RNA produced by certain types of genes, including some that control cell division and decide where proteins will work in a cell to sustain the cell's life.

This could mean that protein production in cells is not as clear-cut as biology textbooks suggest, scientists say.

"This could mean there are more variations to the proteins in our bodies than we realize; it means that RNAs can be stored and reactivated and we don't know what biological process that affects -- it could influence embryonic development, or neurological activity, or even cancer," said Daniel Schoenberg, professor of molecular and cellular biochemistry at Ohio State University and lead author of the study.

Schoenberg and colleagues discovered this phenomenon by tracing the origins of a cap-like structure on messenger RNA (mRNA) that is known to coordinate most of this RNA molecule's short life. Messenger RNA is manufactured in a cell's nucleus and each mRNA contains the instructions needed to produce a specific protein that a cell needs to live.

Until now, scientists have believed that once an mRNA is no longer needed to make protein, the cap comes off and the molecule is degraded, its job complete. But Schoenberg's lab discovered in 2009 that some mRNAs that were thought to be degraded were instead still present in the cell, but they were missing part of their sequence and had caps placed back on the newly formed ends. Because these mRNAs were in the cytoplasm, the changes had to happen there rather than inside the nucleus.

In this new study, the researchers were looking for further evidence of these apparent rogue mRNAs, but instead they found that a completely unexpected biological process occurs before some proteins are even a glimmer in a gene's eye: The uncapping and recapping of mRNAs outside the nucleus results from a cap recycling operation in the cell cytoplasm. This process appeared to enable certain RNAs to pause, without being degraded, before launching protein production.

"What this discovery tells us is a complete fundamental reworking of the relationship between a gene, messenger RNA and a protein. It's more complicated than we realize," Schoenberg said.

The research is published online in the open-access journal Cell Reports.

That fragments of mRNA could exist at all in the cell's main body was first reported by other scientists in 1992. Years later, Schoenberg asked a postdoctoral researcher in his lab to revisit these unexpected RNA fragments and confirm they exist. The postdoc's experiments showed that these mRNA, thought to be the dregs left over from their degradation, had caps on them -- suggesting they still had the potential to function in protein production. Schoenberg, also director of Ohio State's Center for RNA Biology, has been investigating this cytoplasmic capping operation ever since.

In 2009, he and colleagues reported the discovery of two enzymes in the cell's main body that would enable mRNA capping to occur completely outside the nucleus and in the cytoplasm instead.

In the current studies, Schoenberg sought to determine the physiological significance of this capping operation. The researchers engineered a way to block cytoplasmic capping in cells in the lab and then looked at changes in more than 55,000 RNAs.

This interference with cytoplasmic capping revealed that two different types of pathways could exist in the cells -- some mRNAs remained stable without their caps, while others without caps were rapidly destroyed. This finding indicated that mRNAs can lose their caps in the cytoplasm and at some point get recapped. With further experimentation, the researchers determined that only some mRNAs lost their caps in the cell body.

"It's not all of any particular message that's uncapped, just a portion of a message," Schoenberg said. "We wanted to show that we have uncapped RNAs in the cell and they are not degraded. It means they're stored that way."

This finding offered hints that there is a higher order to this phenomenon, and that some mRNAs purposefully rest in an uncapped state without being degraded by enzymes within the cell whose job is to remove them. It also suggested that as the capping circumstances change inside the cell body, signals from genes might undergo change that allows for two or more proteins, one being shorter than the other, to be made from the same mRNA.

"We have always thought that one gene would give an mRNA for one kind of protein. But what we have found makes us wonder if multiple proteins could be made from each of the messenger RNAs that undergo decapping and recapping in the cytoplasm," Schoenberg said.

The researchers used bioinformatics technology to determine which genes were manufacturing mRNAs that could exist in this uncapped and recapped state in the cytoplasm. These genes included those that control some of the most basic elements of cell survival: They determine the location of proteins and RNAs within the cell and, perhaps most significantly, the mitotic cell cycle -- part of the process of cell division.

"It wasn't random. It was very specific," Schoenberg said. "There are specific families of mRNAs that are regulated in this way, and that has ramifications for how proteins are expressed and regulated."

As an example, he cited how neurons communicate messages across vast distances to other nerve cells. It is known that mRNAs are deliberately kept in a silent state while they travel from, for example, the spinal cord to the fingertip, where they are then activated to make new proteins.

"What would the condition be of the mRNA to keep it silent? The possibility is it doesn't have a cap on it, and if it doesn't, it can't be translated. Maybe cytoplasmic capping in neurons is a function that allows that message to be translated at just the right time," Schoenberg said.

Or, in the case of cancer: "What if one of the things that happens is you are making shortened proteins instead of full-length proteins and the regulatory part of the protein is missing in the shortened protein? If that's true, can you interfere with this process and interfere with malignancy as a result?"

For now, these scientists can only speculate about what this unexpected biological process really means. Schoenberg's lab plans to investigate the phenomenon more thoroughly in a line of breast cancer cells.

This work is supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.

Co-authors include Chandrama Mukherjee, Deepak Patil, Brian Kennedy and Baskar Bakthavachalu of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; and Ralf Bundschuh of the departments of Physics and Biochemistry, all at Ohio State. All also are members of the Center for RNA Biology.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Ohio State University. The original article was written by Emily Caldwell.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Chandrama Mukherjee, Deepak?P. Patil, Brian?A. Kennedy, Baskar Bakthavachalu, Ralf Bundschuh, Daniel?R. Schoenberg. Identification of Cytoplasmic Capping Targets Reveals a Role for Cap Homeostasis in Translation and mRNA Stability. Cell Reports, 2012; DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.07.011

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/QwXPplS09jY/120827105135.htm

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